Pharmacist from Gujarat

The parenteral route introduces drugs directly across the body's barrier defenses into the systemic circulation or other vascular tissue. Parenteral administration is used for drugs that are poorly absorbed from the GI tract (for example heparin) and for agents that are unstable in the GI tract (for example, insulin). Intravenous (IV) : Injection is the most common parenteral route. For drugs that are not absorbed orally, such as the neuromuscular blocker atracurium, there is often no other choice. In IV administration, the drug avoids the GI tract and therefore, first-pass metabolism by the liver. Intravenous delivery permits a rapid effect and a maximal degree of control over the circulating levels of the drug. However, unlike drugs in the GI tract, those that are injected cannot be recalled by strategies such as emesis or by binding to activated charcoal. Intravenous injection may inadvertently introduce bacteria through contamination at the site of injection. IV injection may

The route of administration of drug is determined by the properties of the drug (e.g. water or lipid solubility,etc.) & by the therapeutic objectives (e.g. the desirability of a rapid onset of action or the need for long-term administration or restriction to a local site). There are two major routes of drug administration, enteral and parenteral. Enteral Routes of Drug Administration Enteral administration, or administering a drug by mouth, is the simplest and most common means of administering drugs. When the drug is given in the mouth, it may be swallowed, allowing oral delivery, or it may be placed under the tongue, facilitating direct absorption into the bloodstream. Oral: Giving a drug by mouth provides many advantages to the patient; oral drugs are easily self-administered and limit the number of systemic infections that could complicate treatment. Toxicities or overdose by the oral route may be overcome with antidotes such as activated charcoal. On the other hand, the pat

Angina pectoris is a clinical syndrome of chest discomfort caused by reversible myocardial ischemia that produces disturbances in myocardial function without causing myocardial necrosis. Myocardial ischemia occurs secondary to increased myocardial demand and/or decreased myocardial oxygen supply. The specific causes of increased demand and decreased supply will be discussed. Myocardial ischemia causes several syndromes referred to collectively as ischemic heart disease including: stable angina, variant or Prinzmetal's angina, silent myocardial ischemia, and unstable angina. -->Myocardial Oxygen Supply and Demand Myocardial ischemia is caused by an imbalance between coronary blood flow (supply) and the metabolic needs of the myocardium (demand). Myocardial ischemia occurs when myocardial oxygen demand exceeds myocardial oxygen supply. The major determinants of myocardial oxygen demand are heart rate, contractility, and left ventricular systolic wall tension of the three determina

Metabolism via CYP2D6 is the major elimination pathway for numerous widely used medications, including beta-blockers such as carvedilol, metoprolol, and propranolol; antidepressants such as amitriptyline, desipramine, imipramine, and fluoxetine; and antipsychotics such as haloperidol and risperidone. The effect of the variable number of CYP2D6 functional alleles is shown in Figure 1.19 for the systemic exposure of nortriptyline. The higher the number of functional CYP2D6 alleles, the lower the systemic exposure that was observed after administration of the same 25-mg nortriptyline dose to groups of subjects with different genotypes. CYP2D6 is a highly polymorphic gene for which more than 70 variant alleles have been described. A series of genetic variants is responsible for low levels of CYP2D6 activity or no activity

Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 .Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell and a relatively high melting point. Because it is a known carcinogen, its use as an additive in gasoline is now limited, but it is an important industrial solvent and precursor in the production of drugs, plastics, synthetic rubber, and dyes. Benzene is a natural constituent of crude oil, and may be synthesized from other compounds present in petroleum.The word "benzene" derives historically from "gum benzoin", sometimes called "benjamin" (i.e., benzoin resin), an aromatic resin known to European pharmacists and perfumers since the 15th century as a product of southeast Asia. Ring formula The empirical formula for benzene was long known, but its highly polyunsaturated structure, with just one hydrogen atom for each carbon atom, was challenging to determine. A scientist show in his dreams that a snake was eating

A chiral molecule is a type of molecule that lacks an internal plane of symmetry and has a non-superimposable mirror image. The feature that is most often the cause of chirality in molecules is the presence of an asymmetric carbon atom. The term chiral in general is used to describe an object that is non-superposable on its mirror image. Achiral (not chiral) objects are objects that are identical to their mirror image. Ex:-Human hands are the most universally recognized example of chirality. The left hand is a non-superposable mirror image of the right hand; no matter how the two hands are oriented, it is impossible for all the major features of both hands to coincide.

Analyte- It is the substance that is to be separated during chromatography. Chromatograph- It is equipment that enables a sophisticated separation e.g. gas chromatographic or liquid chromatographic separation. Stationary phase- It is the substance which is fixed in place for the chromatography procedure. Examples include the silica layer in thin layer chromatography. Analytical chromatography-is used to determine the existence and possibly also the concentration of analyte's in a sample Bonded phase- It is a stationary phase that is covalently bonded to the support particles or to the inside wall of the column tubing. Chromatogram- It is the visual output of the chromatograph. In the case of an optimal separation, different peaks or patterns on the chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture. Chromatography-It is a physical method of separation in which the components to be separated are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary (statio

Techniques of chromatography Column chromatography Column chromatography is a separation technique in which the stationary bed is within a tube. The particles of the solid stationary phase or the support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube. Differences in rates of movement through the medium are calculated to different retention times of the sample Planar chromatography Planar chromatography- It is a separation technique in which the stationary phase is present as or on a plane. The plane can be a paper, serving as such or impregnated by a substance as the stationary bed or a layer of solid particles spread on a support such as a glass plate. Different compounds in the sample mixture travel different distances according to how strongly they interact with the stationary phase as compared to the mobile ph

Liquorice is the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra from which a sweet flavor can be extracted. The liquorice plant is a legume, native to southern Europe and parts of Asia. It is an herbaceous perennial, growing to 1 m in height, with pinnate leaves about 7–15 centimeters (3–6 in) long, with 9–17 leaflets. The flowers are 0.8–1.2 cm long, purple to pale whitish blue, produced in a loose inflorescence. The fruit is an oblong pod, 2–3 centimeters (1 in) long, containing several seeds.The flavor of liquorice comes mainly from a sweet-tasting compound called anethole, an aromatic, unsaturated ether compound also found in anise, fennel, and other herbs. Additional sweetness in liquorice comes from glycyrrhizic acid, an anti-viral compound sweeter than sugar.

First of all what is Pharmacy? it is derived from Greek word 'pharmakon' means drug and it is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences, and it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs!! Pharmacist is the right hand of Doctors because if pharmacist is not there there will be problem for doctors and they are nothing without the pharmacist. Pharmacists practice in a variety of areas including retail, hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, drug industry, and regulatory agencies. Pharmacists can specialize in various areas of practice including but not limited to: hematology/oncology, infectious diseases, ambulatory care, nutrition support, drug information, critical care, pediatrics, etc. Community pharmacy-Community pharmacies usually consist of a retail storefront with a dispensary where medications are stored and dispensed. The dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for storage condit