Pharmacist from Gujarat

VASAKA- Family : A canthaceae Genus : Justicia  Species : J. adhatoda Common name : Adulsa (Vasaka) Kingdom : Plantae Description: It is evergreen shrub about 2.2-3.5 meters high, wich have long leaves and white flowers in axillary spike.The plants grown in mainly India except the mountain region. Characteristic: They are long, dark green in color.cattle and other animals can not eat the plants as the plant VASAKA contain unpleasant smell from it. Medicinal use of VASAKA: Leaves and flowers are both used medicinally.for treating asthma and cough the juice of leaves of VASAKA is given orally.It has an active constituent namely vasacine, which is brancho-dialator in nature,that can be used for treating Asthma.Most of the ayurvedic preparation of cough syrup contain the juice extracted from VASAKA plants. leaves are used as green manur, and for packing purposes.

Source of coffee is mainly done in Vietnam since 20th century.It was first produced in france in 1857.Most of production are state based.It is used as stimulant.The main constituents present in coffee is caffeine and it act as stimulant.Coffee beans were traded from Arabia to Alexandria and Constantinople under high security. more details can be found on http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coffee&oldid=42552560 - Direct Link

Green Chemistry -Green Chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and/or generation of hazardous substances. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry - 1. Prevention of waste 2. Atom Economy 3. Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis 4. Designing Safer Chemicals 5. Safer solvents and auxiliaries 6. Energy efficient 7. Renewable feedstocks 8. Reduce derivatives 9. Catalysis 10. Design for degradation 11. Real time analysis for pollution prevention 12. Safety Pathways to Green Chemistry- Chemical Manufacturers • Create new ways to make desired materialsdifferent feedstocks, different pathways • Identify desired performance characteristics and create new materials Benefits of Using Biomass- • Renewable Feedstock • Contributes no net CO2 to the atmosphere • Conserves fossil fuel leading to a secure domestic supply • Platform for making an array of chemical products from what is otherwise considered waste. Pathways to Green Chemistry- Non-Chemical Manu

Evolution of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry: In the process of industrialization, pharmaceuticals have been a favorite sector for policy makers in the developed as well in many developing countries, including India. This special policy preference has been due to the criticality of the pharmaceutical products for the health security of the populace as well as for developing strategic advantages in the knowledge‐based economy. However, not all developing countries succeeded in enhancing local capabilities in the sector. The growth of the pharmaceutical industry in the developing region is largely confined to a few countries like India, China, Singapore, Korea, Czech Republic, Brazil, and Argentina. Among these countries, most often the case of Indian pharmaceutical industry is projected as the most successful case of a developing country scaling up the indigenous capabilities The pharmaceutical production in India began in 1910s when private initiatives established Bengal Ch

Introduction The basic objectives of Government’s Policy relating to the drugs and pharmaceutical sector were enumerated in the Drug Policy of 1986. However, the drug and pharmaceutical industry in the country today faces new challenges on account of liberalization of the Indian economy, the globalization of the world economy and on account of new obligations undertaken by India under the WTO Agreements. These challenges require a change in emphasis in the current pharmaceutical policy and the need for new initiatives beyond those enumerated in the Drug Policy 1986, as modified in 1994, so that policy inputs are directed more towards promoting accelerated growth of the pharmaceutical industry and towards making it more internationally competitive. The orientation of the objectives of the current policy has also become necessary on account of these issues:- a)The essentially of improving incentives for research and development in the Indian pharmaceutical industry, to enable the industr

Jurisprudence: The study of fundamental principle is called jurisprudence. In General sense jurisprudence includes knowledge of law while in the technical sense. It is the science of the first principle of civil law. Forensic pharmacy: The word “forensic” is derived from the Latin term” forensic” meaning “forum” means “public place” or market place. Drug Enquiry Committee: The government of India pursuance to the resolution appointed a committee known as Drug Enquiry Committee with Col.Ramnatha.N.Chopra as its chairman in 1928. Recommendation of Chopra Committee: 1.A central law to control drug and pharmacy profession. 2.Setting up of testing laboratories in all states to control quality of production of drugs and pharmaceutical and a central laboratory to control the quality of imported drugs and also to act as expert a referee in case of sample sent by local government. 3.Appointment of advisory board to advice the government in making rules to carry out the objectives of the act.

It is pharmacological opposite effect of drug Agonist. Drug Antagonist are drugs that decrease the actions of another drug or endogenous ligand. Antagonists, however, have no intrinsic activity and, therefore, produce no effect by themselves. Although antagonists have no intrinsic activity, they are able to bind avidly to target receptors because they possess strong affinity. If both the antagonist and the agonist bind to the same site on the receptor, they are said to be "competitive." For example, the antihypertensive drug prazosin competes with the endogenous ligand, norepinephrine, at a1-adrenoceptors, decreasing vascular smooth muscle tone and reducing blood pressure.

The parenteral route introduces drugs directly across the body's barrier defenses into the systemic circulation or other vascular tissue. Parenteral administration is used for drugs that are poorly absorbed from the GI tract (for example heparin) and for agents that are unstable in the GI tract (for example, insulin). Intravenous (IV) : Injection is the most common parenteral route. For drugs that are not absorbed orally, such as the neuromuscular blocker atracurium, there is often no other choice. In IV administration, the drug avoids the GI tract and therefore, first-pass metabolism by the liver. Intravenous delivery permits a rapid effect and a maximal degree of control over the circulating levels of the drug. However, unlike drugs in the GI tract, those that are injected cannot be recalled by strategies such as emesis or by binding to activated charcoal. Intravenous injection may inadvertently introduce bacteria through contamination at the site of injection. IV injection may

The route of administration of drug is determined by the properties of the drug (e.g. water or lipid solubility,etc.) & by the therapeutic objectives (e.g. the desirability of a rapid onset of action or the need for long-term administration or restriction to a local site). There are two major routes of drug administration, enteral and parenteral. Enteral Routes of Drug Administration Enteral administration, or administering a drug by mouth, is the simplest and most common means of administering drugs. When the drug is given in the mouth, it may be swallowed, allowing oral delivery, or it may be placed under the tongue, facilitating direct absorption into the bloodstream. Oral: Giving a drug by mouth provides many advantages to the patient; oral drugs are easily self-administered and limit the number of systemic infections that could complicate treatment. Toxicities or overdose by the oral route may be overcome with antidotes such as activated charcoal. On the other hand, the pat

Angina pectoris is a clinical syndrome of chest discomfort caused by reversible myocardial ischemia that produces disturbances in myocardial function without causing myocardial necrosis. Myocardial ischemia occurs secondary to increased myocardial demand and/or decreased myocardial oxygen supply. The specific causes of increased demand and decreased supply will be discussed. Myocardial ischemia causes several syndromes referred to collectively as ischemic heart disease including: stable angina, variant or Prinzmetal's angina, silent myocardial ischemia, and unstable angina. -->Myocardial Oxygen Supply and Demand Myocardial ischemia is caused by an imbalance between coronary blood flow (supply) and the metabolic needs of the myocardium (demand). Myocardial ischemia occurs when myocardial oxygen demand exceeds myocardial oxygen supply. The major determinants of myocardial oxygen demand are heart rate, contractility, and left ventricular systolic wall tension of the three determina

Metabolism via CYP2D6 is the major elimination pathway for numerous widely used medications, including beta-blockers such as carvedilol, metoprolol, and propranolol; antidepressants such as amitriptyline, desipramine, imipramine, and fluoxetine; and antipsychotics such as haloperidol and risperidone. The effect of the variable number of CYP2D6 functional alleles is shown in Figure 1.19 for the systemic exposure of nortriptyline. The higher the number of functional CYP2D6 alleles, the lower the systemic exposure that was observed after administration of the same 25-mg nortriptyline dose to groups of subjects with different genotypes. CYP2D6 is a highly polymorphic gene for which more than 70 variant alleles have been described. A series of genetic variants is responsible for low levels of CYP2D6 activity or no activity

Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 .Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell and a relatively high melting point. Because it is a known carcinogen, its use as an additive in gasoline is now limited, but it is an important industrial solvent and precursor in the production of drugs, plastics, synthetic rubber, and dyes. Benzene is a natural constituent of crude oil, and may be synthesized from other compounds present in petroleum.The word "benzene" derives historically from "gum benzoin", sometimes called "benjamin" (i.e., benzoin resin), an aromatic resin known to European pharmacists and perfumers since the 15th century as a product of southeast Asia. Ring formula The empirical formula for benzene was long known, but its highly polyunsaturated structure, with just one hydrogen atom for each carbon atom, was challenging to determine. A scientist show in his dreams that a snake was eating

A chiral molecule is a type of molecule that lacks an internal plane of symmetry and has a non-superimposable mirror image. The feature that is most often the cause of chirality in molecules is the presence of an asymmetric carbon atom. The term chiral in general is used to describe an object that is non-superposable on its mirror image. Achiral (not chiral) objects are objects that are identical to their mirror image. Ex:-Human hands are the most universally recognized example of chirality. The left hand is a non-superposable mirror image of the right hand; no matter how the two hands are oriented, it is impossible for all the major features of both hands to coincide.

Analyte- It is the substance that is to be separated during chromatography. Chromatograph- It is equipment that enables a sophisticated separation e.g. gas chromatographic or liquid chromatographic separation. Stationary phase- It is the substance which is fixed in place for the chromatography procedure. Examples include the silica layer in thin layer chromatography. Analytical chromatography-is used to determine the existence and possibly also the concentration of analyte's in a sample Bonded phase- It is a stationary phase that is covalently bonded to the support particles or to the inside wall of the column tubing. Chromatogram- It is the visual output of the chromatograph. In the case of an optimal separation, different peaks or patterns on the chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture. Chromatography-It is a physical method of separation in which the components to be separated are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary (statio

Techniques of chromatography Column chromatography Column chromatography is a separation technique in which the stationary bed is within a tube. The particles of the solid stationary phase or the support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube. Differences in rates of movement through the medium are calculated to different retention times of the sample Planar chromatography Planar chromatography- It is a separation technique in which the stationary phase is present as or on a plane. The plane can be a paper, serving as such or impregnated by a substance as the stationary bed or a layer of solid particles spread on a support such as a glass plate. Different compounds in the sample mixture travel different distances according to how strongly they interact with the stationary phase as compared to the mobile ph

Liquorice is the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra from which a sweet flavor can be extracted. The liquorice plant is a legume, native to southern Europe and parts of Asia. It is an herbaceous perennial, growing to 1 m in height, with pinnate leaves about 7–15 centimeters (3–6 in) long, with 9–17 leaflets. The flowers are 0.8–1.2 cm long, purple to pale whitish blue, produced in a loose inflorescence. The fruit is an oblong pod, 2–3 centimeters (1 in) long, containing several seeds.The flavor of liquorice comes mainly from a sweet-tasting compound called anethole, an aromatic, unsaturated ether compound also found in anise, fennel, and other herbs. Additional sweetness in liquorice comes from glycyrrhizic acid, an anti-viral compound sweeter than sugar.

First of all what is Pharmacy? it is derived from Greek word 'pharmakon' means drug and it is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences, and it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs!! Pharmacist is the right hand of Doctors because if pharmacist is not there there will be problem for doctors and they are nothing without the pharmacist. Pharmacists practice in a variety of areas including retail, hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, drug industry, and regulatory agencies. Pharmacists can specialize in various areas of practice including but not limited to: hematology/oncology, infectious diseases, ambulatory care, nutrition support, drug information, critical care, pediatrics, etc. Community pharmacy-Community pharmacies usually consist of a retail storefront with a dispensary where medications are stored and dispensed. The dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for storage condit